About this project/Works Cited

The “Understanding Hay History” project was completed as a part of the 2023 Summer Internship season. Each summer, the Fells is able to host education and landscape interns, funded through gracious donations. A part of their summer includes an independent project based on their own interest.

This project was created and completed by education intern Amanda Rutha from the University of Connecticut (CLAS 2024) studying history with minors in political science and digital public history. Her passions in history include American foreign policy and involvement and digital preservation which inspired this project.


::: Robert Henry Chandless Photographs ::: https://content.lib.washington.edu/chandlessweb/boxer.html.

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“Company of Boxers, Tien-Tsin, China.” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3a26745/.

John Hay | US Secretary of State, Civil War Diplomat | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Hay.

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Key Points | Asia for Educators | Columbia University. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_1750-1919.htm.

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Milestones: 1899–1913 - Office of the Historian. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/hay-and-china.

Open Door Policy | Purpose, Meaning, Significance, & Facts | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Open-Door-policy.

“PANAMA CANAL.” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, https://www.loc.gov/resource/hec.03147/.

“[Panama Canal].” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, https://www.loc.gov/resource/stereo.1s35020/.

Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 5, 1899 - Office of the Historian. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1899/d88.

---. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1899/ch30.

“Rough-Riders, Col. Theodore Roosevelt, U.S.V. Commander.” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, https://www.loc.gov/resource/pga.01946/.

Shepherd, William. Alaska Border Disputed Map. Redrawn version of File:1926 Canada-Alaska 1903 boundary-map.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alaska_boundary_dispute.jpg?uselang=en#/media/File:1926_Canada-Alaska_1903_boundary-map.jpg.

“THE ALASKA BOUNDARY DISPUTE.” The New York Times, 19 Oct. 1899, p. 3.

The Alaska-Canada Boundary | Geophysical Institute. https://www.gi.alaska.edu/alaska-science-forum/alaska-canada-boundary.

The Open Door in China. http://sageamericanhistory.net/worldpower/docs/HayOpenDoor.html.

“The Tug of War in the Far East / Keppler.” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, https://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.28630/.

Thurber, Dani. Research Guides: World of 1898: International Perspectives on the Spanish American War: Introduction. https://guides.loc.gov/world-of-1898/introduction.

Unknown. “American Imerialsim: Open Door Policy Political Cartoon Part 1.” American Imerialsim, 20 Feb. 2016, http://letsgetthisagoodscore.blogspot.com/2016/02/open-door-policy-political-cartoon-part.html.